Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Individuals Carry Different Periodontal Bacteria

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify etiologic microbiota associated periodontal diseases among diabetes patients and the factors related to the most commonly identified bacteria species. Material and Methods: Periodontal plaque samples from 11 diabetic participants and 13 non-diabetic controls were collected to assess their aerobic and anaerobic bacterial growth. Different distinct colonies were identified by microscopic and 16srDNA sequencing. Pearson's chi-square tests were conducted to examine any association between categorical variables. Results: The diabetic subjects revealed a more intense plaque formation with a mean plaque index of 2.4 compared to 1.8 in non-diabetics. A total of 86 bacteria were isolated from 24 plaque samples, 44 were aerobic, and 42 were anaerobic. Only aerobic isolates, 22 from diabetic patients and 22 from non-diabetic patients, were evaluated in these analyses. Bacillus spp. (B. cereus mainly) and Klebsiella spp. (K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, K. oxytoca) were detected markedly higher in non-diabetic individuals than in diabetic subjects (p=0.026 and p=0.021, respectively). Some bacteria were only identified in the dental plaque of diabetic individuals, namely, Bacillus mojavensis, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus pasteuri, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus pasteurianus. The presence of acid reflux and jaundice were significantly associated with the most common bacterial isolate, namely Bacillus spp., with the p-values of 0.007 and 0.001, respectively. Conclusion: Type-2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a higher amount of dental plaques. Periodontal plaque samples from diabetic and non-diabetic subjects possess differential microbial communities. Diabetic plaques contain more versatile microbes predominated by gram-positive streptococci and staphylococci.

The COVID-19 Pandemic - A Global Public Health Crisis: A Brief Overview Regarding Pharmacological Interventions

Abstract WHO reported that viral diseases remain as an international public health concern. Quite a lot of viral outbreaks such as the SARS coronavirus from 2002 to 2003, H1N1 influenza in 2009, and the MERS syndrome coronavirus in 2012, in the last two decades. The recent outburst of COVID-19 disease has to turn out a global public health catastrophe that has a profound consequence on every aspect of human life. Currently, national governments, international health agencies, UN different bodies are working relentlessly to find the best way to save and mitigate our world from the shattering effects of COVID-19. Simultaneously, all related scientists around the planet determinedly made enormous efforts to find the COVID-19 transmission process, clinicopathological issues, diagnostics tools, and prevention policy planning and pharmacological intervention approaches. There are many problems that are not resolved regarding COVID-19, like the virus-host relations and the development and progression of the pandemic, with precise reference to the times when the current pandemic will reach its ultimate level to produce maximum damage. At this moment in time, yet we do not possess and definite and specific treatment options to fight with the COVID-19 viral infectious diseases. Currently, the majority of the scientist is involved in finding a way through drug repurposing. Up to the present time lot of medicines were identified that possess definite antiviral effects against COVID-19 but need to go a long way with well-designed study to obtain the best possible answer. After that, to this point, supportive and preventive remain as the best weapon.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Pertussis among a Public University Students in Malaysia

Abstract Objective: To study the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding pertussis among students in a public university in Malaysia. Material and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study using convenience sampling to recruit 171 respondents. The data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire comprised of four different parts: the socio-demographic data, the knowledge, the attitude and the practice towards the prevention of pertussis. The data were analyzed using correlation, independent t-test, and ANOVA according to the different study objectives and types of data. Results: More than half of the respondents (67.8%) indicated that they had heard about pertussis. The school or university (59.6%) was the most common source of information, followed by Internet (46.2%). The most of the respondents (43.9%) possessed moderate knowledge regarding pertussis and knew that Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of pertussis (76.0%). A significant positive correlation between knowledge regarding pertussis with age (p=0.023) was observed, however, there was no association between age with attitude and practice (p=0.272 and 0.131, respectively). Gender and marital status did not influence the KAP regarding pertussis; nevertheless, significantly different between different faculties. Conclusion: Students from the Faculty of Medicine had the highest knowledge scores, while the students from the Faculty of Nursing had the most top attitude and practice scores compared to students from another faculty. The students from the public university generally had a good level of KAP regarding pertussis.

Empathy level among the medical students of national defence university of malaysia consuming toronto empathy scale

Background: Multiple research articles were continuously emphasizing that constructive effects of empathy improve patient care. Medical professional bodies often talk that medical doctors need to be competent in clinical skills and empathetic. There was enormous demand from patients that doctors should be empathetic and motivate listeners. Therefore, medical educators became highly concern about the issue whether their students possess empathetic qualities. The Aim of the Study: To measure the empathy level among the medical students and to perform validation and reliability study of the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among medical students of the Defence University of Malaysia to measure empathy level. The TEQ was utilized to collect data. The data were collected in early second half of 2017. The universal sampling method was adopted, and data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Software. Results: The current study population holds an average level of empathy. Female medical students had statistically significantly (P = 0.001) higher scores than their male friends. There no statistically significant differences observed in the TEQ score between the year of study (P = 0.948) and type of admission (P = 0.065). Conclusion: The current study respondents possess an average level of empathy. Educational intervention can be incorporated to enhance empathy level which sequentially promotes patient care.

Medicine promotional literature as a source of updated information in Bangladesh: Do those advertising literature promote continued medical education or deceptive advertising?

Background: Drug promotional literature (DPLs) is an integral part of pharmaceutical marketing strategy. This marketing approach influences, a physician to prescribe definite variety of medicine from a particular company. Many physicians bank on exclusively in DPLs. This research was intended to appraise the DPLs available in Bangladesh for accuracy, consistency, and validity of the information in accordance with the WHO rules and regulations. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study was conducted in Uttara Adhunik Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh after collecting DPLs from the different outpatient department. The data was analyzed Microsoft Excel 2016. Results: None of the national and multinational DPLs fulfilled all the WHO criteria. Among the national and multinational DPLs, 94.7% and 100% presented with claims respectively. Out of 284 national and multinational DPLs references citation were presented in 82.04% and 100% respectively. Among the DPLs of national and multinational companies' relevant, irrelevant, and partially relevant pictures were presented in 48.79%, 24.65%, 26.76% and 31.58%, 26.32%, and 42.11%, respectively. Conclusion: DPLs of Bangladesh did not comply with the WHO guidelines while promoting their products. Evidence provided in those DPLs were mostly biased and persuasive since it is focusing mainly on the positive aspect of drug therapy. Accordingly, studied DPLs were principally aiming to maximizes industries' financial benefit rather than fulfill the educational aspects. The Government of Bangladesh should develop very stringent policy and practices regarding DPLs based on science and the WHO guideline as the literature very often act as a primary source of information among medical doctors.

Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding exercise among people exercising in gymnasium and recreational parks around Kuantan, Malaysia.

Physical inactivity is becoming a global epidemic and lead to many diseases. This cross-sectional study tried to investigate knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding exercise among married and single person attending gymnasium and recreational parks. Furthermore, this study tried to look for factors associated with regularity of exercise and to find association between knowledge and attitude on practice of exercise. A total of 103 participants aged above 18 years old were purposely selected to answer an interview-guided questionnaire. Likert scale was used for participants to answer the questionnaire on KAP and the total score for each knowledge, attitude and practice was computed to find the associations using SPSS. The mean age of the respondent was 25.34 years (SD=5.699). Knowledge was not significantly associated with practice (r=0.071, p=0.475). There was also no significant correlation between practice and attitude score (r=0.006, p=0.510). Therefore, there is no association between knowledge and attitude on practice of exercise. Besides that, endurance exercise like jogging, cycling and walking was a respondent’s choice as their exercise routine. Other than that, there are significant associations between factors of gender (p=0.014), marital status (p<0.001) and age (p=0.005) with regularity of exercise. This study found that single person is more regularly doing exercise than married people. Regularity of exercise could be influenced by motivation. Therefore, relevant policies and campaigns might be able to change and boost people towards practicing exercise regularly in Malaysia.

Pharmacovigilance Practice: The Current Challenges and the Gaps in the Medical Students’ Curriculum.

Adverse drug reaction is defined by the WHO as a response to a medicinal product which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis, therapy of disease or for the modification of physiologic function. The term Pharmacovigilance was coined by a French group of pharmacologist and toxicologist in the 1970s, which implied strategy promoting detection and assessment of side effects and adverse drug reaction. The first endeavor made to resolve the problem of drug safety was announced in 1961 promptly after the disaster caused by thalidomide treatment in pregnant women. The World Health Organization center for adverse drug reaction monitoring is known as the Uppsala Monitoring Centre. It is an International establishment with the responsibility of coordinating the program based on an agreement made in 1978. The major challenges of Pharmacovigilance program are underreporting, and the best solution is to resolve the problem from the grassroots. This claim could be justified as the outcome of previous knowledge, attitude and practice studies on adverse drug reactions and Pharmacovigilance among medical students was inadequate. Also, the curriculum of teaching and training of medical students was insufficient. The aim of this review was to discuss the current challenges facing adverse drug reactions reporting system and to highlight the gap left in the training of medical students.

Lipid Profile of the Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Patients Admitted in a Hospital in Malaysia.

Coronary Heart Disease refers to a group of closely related syndrome caused by imbalance between the myocardial oxygen demand and the blood supply. It is the single most common cause of death in economically developed countries, including the United States and Europe. Hypercholesterolemia is considered as one of the most common modifiable risk factors of CHD. Men are more commonly affected than women until the fifth decade, after which time the frequency of CHD is similar in both sexes. Other risk factors are hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. This was a cross-sectional study in demonstrating the pattern of the lipid profile (Total Cholesterol (TC); Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL-C); High Density Lipoprotein (HDL-C) and Triglyceride levels (TG) among the CHD patients admitted in the hospital. Most of the CHD patients had the total cholesterol level high, and among them 25.6% were Malay. Malays were the highest in the optimal range (< 3.0mmol/L) with 20.9% and HDL level within the normal range (1.2-1.8mmol/L) by 22.2% (34). Most of the CHD patients had the TG level within normal range (<1.5mmol/L) but among them 19.9% were Malays. This study had demonstrated that Malays were mostly affected by heart disease (HD) followed by Chinese and Indians, and the incidence was twice as high as in men compared to women.

The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Students of International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the leading cause of death among the non-communicable diseases worldwide. There are many contributing risk factors for the emergence of CVD. A cross-sectional study was conducted to observe the prevalence of CVD risk factors among International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan Campus (KC) students. 156 participants from different faculties and years of study participated; among them 56 participants were able to complete the whole procedures. A set of questionnaires were distributed to participants. Anthropometric measurements, weight, height, waist circumference, random blood glucose (RBG) and blood pressure were measured. Prevalence of hypertension was 4%. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 114.268 ± 12.034 and 74.964 ± 8.636 of mmHg respectively. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was 34%, with women having a higher percentage (21%) than men (12%). The mean Body-Mass Index (BMI) was 22.184 ± 4.435 kg/m2. The waist circumference has an average of 71.661 ± 9.215 cm. Prevalence of high blood glucose was absent, and the mean blood glucose level was 6.007 ± 1.018 mmol/L. Dietary fibre-rich foods; vegetables were eaten 6-7 times per week, granola bars and fruits were eaten 1-2 times per week. Home cooked foods were taken 1-2 times per week. Fast foods were taken frequently around 3-5 times per week. The study community was engaged in physical activities such as brisk-walk, skipping and sports. Smoking prevalence was 4% only among the male population. The stress level was moderate. The students of IIUM KC practiced healthy diet and were physically active. The CVD-related risks do not prevail among the IIUM KC population.

Pharmacogenomics: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Future Doctors and Pharmacists-A Pilot Study.

Rational application of genomics into practice would lead to safer chemotherapy through individualized medicine. The increasing trends of genetic discoveries coupled with increased adoption of pharmacogenomics in developed countries pose challenges to the presence and future healthcare professionals, not only in Malaysia. This research, aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of final-year future healthcare professionals towards pharmacogenomics. A cross-sectional study was conducted by administering self-completed questionnaire (Reliability 0.82) to 247 participants, among which 68.4% responded. More than half were female medical students. The mean knowledge scores in percentage were 57.57±20.2 with a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.002). Positive attitude, but low practice were observed which differs between pharmacy and medical students, p<0.05. Association between knowledge, attitude and practice, were investigated. The majority has demonstrated good knowledge and attitude towards pharmacogenomics, but with low practice. Studies are required to large sample and to examine barriers to adoption of pharmacogenomics.

The Median Time to Develop Recurrent Tuberculosis at a Tertiary Hospital in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.

This study has the intention to determine the median time to develop recurrent tuberculosis [TB] in TB patients attending the Chest Clinic at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II [HRPZ II], Kelantan, Malaysia. Records of 114 recurrent TB patients from 1/1/2003-31/12/2009 were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to examine the median time for recurrence of TB. The overall median time to develop TB recurrence in registered TB recurrent patients was six months [95%CI: 4.58, 7.42] after the previous episode. It was found that recipients of Streptomycin (S), Isoniazid (H) and Rifampicin (R) twice weekly (S2H2R2) drug regimen [p=0.026] or daily HR drug regimen [p=0.049] during the continuation phase took a longer duration to develop recurrent TB than non-recipients of these medicines by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Moreover, there also existed a significant time difference [P = 0.006] between the defaulters and non-defaulters of treatment to develop recurrent TB. Patients should take the complete course of therapy, to reduce recurrent TB infection. The drug regimens must contain the two most potent first line drugs Isoniazid [H] and Rifampicin [R] during the continuation phase.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Malaysian Public University Students on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for 30% of all deaths in Malaysia. Major risk factors for CVD include age, gender, heredity, hypertension, cigarette smoking, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, obesity and physical inactivity. The current study was conducted to understand the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of University students regarding cardiovascular diseases. This is a cross-sectional study using a stratified random sampling method. Students of all faculties of International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) in Kuantan Campus were included. The respondents were randomly selected from each faculty. The sample size was 163. KAP questionnaire was developed and distributed to the respondents involved. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. The mean and standard deviation of the knowledge, attitude and practice scores were 42.98±2.46, 57.12±5.73 and 26.7±3.507, respectively. Significant difference on knowledge scores were found between different faculties (p<0.001), also on attitude and practice scores in comparison between different genders (p = 0.005 and 0.017, respectively). This study also shows a significant positive correlation between attitude and practice scores (r=+0.354, p<0.001). IIUM students should engage in exercise more and develop a healthier lifestyle.

Antifungal Properties of Malaysian Tualang Honey and Stingless Bee Propolis against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans.

Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans can cause life-threatening infections, especially in immune-compromised patients. Treatment with currently available antifungal agents may lead to severe side-effects and emergence of resistant strains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal properties of MTH and SBP against C. albicans and C. neoformans. Broth dilution method was used to assess the antifungal properties of the MTH and propolis. Different concentrations of the MTH and propolis (0.78 mg/mL – 50.00 mg/mL) in two-fold dilutions were tested against each fungus to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) which was done by visual inspection and spectrophotometric (MIC95) reading at 620 nm. Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was obtained by culturing on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Total phenolic acids and flavonoids contents were also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and colorimetric assay respectively. The MICs of the MTH against C. albicans and C. neoformans by visual inspection were 6.25 mg/mL and 1.56 mg/mL respectively, meanwhile 6.25 mg/mL and 3.13 mg/mL by spectrophotometric reading. The MFCs of the MTH against C. albicans and C. neoformans were 12.50 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL respectively. The MICs of SBP against C. albicans and C. neoformans by visual inspection were both 1.56 mg/mL whereas spectrophotometric reading recorded MICs of 3.13 mg/mL and 1.56 mg/mL respectively. The MFCs of SBP against C. albicans was 6.25 mg/mL and 3.13 mg/mL for C. neoformans. The total phenolic acids and flavonoids contents of MTH were 275.6 mg gallic acid/kg and 71.8 mg quercetin/kg respectively whereas for SBP, the phenolic acids content was 1754.2 mg gallic acid/kg and the flavonoids content was 82.6 mg quercetin/kg. MTH and SBP exhibited significant antifungal activities against C. albicans and C. neoformans. Their antifungal activities might be attributed to the high phenolic acids and flavonoids. This result suggests that MTH and SBP could potentially be used as alternative therapeutic agents against these fungi.

Psychometric Properties of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Pharmacogenovigilance in Drug Safety Questionnaire in Medicine and Pharmacy Students: based on Exploratory Factor Analysis.

Integration of Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacovigilance in the curricula of future healthcare professionals is essential towards individualized medicine and drug safety. Researchers are lacking in Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding pharmacogenovigilance in drug safety among Malaysian future health professionals. This study is to develop and validate a reliable questionnaire for evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice of future Doctors and Pharmacists concerning Pharmacogenovigilance in drug safety. A 49-item self-administered questionnaire was developed from the literature. The content was validated by a panel of relevant experts followed by face validity. A pilot study on 100 respondents was conducted for reliability, followed by a cross-sectional study involving 247 participants in factor analysis. The content validity index of the whole questionnaire was 0.8%. The overall Cronbach‟s Alpha was 0.8, with P<0.001. 67.4% of the total variance was explained by 13 factors, and we can conclude that the questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument.

Evaluation of biofilm formation and chemical sensitivity of Salmonella typhimurium on plastic surface.

S. typhimurium is an important socioeconomic problem in several countries, mainly in developing countries where it is reported as the main responsible for the food-borne disease outbreaks. A biofilm can be explained as a group of cells, diverse species or mono-species that are fixed to a surface and/or to one another. This study aimed to evaluate the biofilm formation of S. typhimurium on the plastic surface as well as to determine the relationship between contact time and incubation temperature. Crystal violet assay was performed to quantify the biofilm formation with and without treatments based on the value of optical density at 600nm of the destaining crystal violet at different interval of time. The outcomes of the result indicated that, the attachment of bacterial cells to the plastic surfaces increased with the increased contact time and determined by temperature. The values of OD600 at 37 °C for 24, 48 and 72 hours were 0.770, 0.968 and 2.363 respectively. This indicated that, the formation of biofilm by S. typhimurium on plastic surfaces varied with contact time. For the disinfectant treatments, hydrogen peroxide with 91 % sensitivity was the highest in treatment of S. typhimurium cells, followed by the mixture of sodium hypochloride and paracetic acid with 70 %, then paracetic acid with 67 %. Considering this result, S. typhimurium formed a biofilm on the plastic surface, hygienic activities on a plastic surface in food industry during handling, processing, distribution and storage of food should be a concerned and these disinfectants are suggested for the treatment of S. typhimurium.

A Systematic Review of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Adverse Drug Reactions and Pharmacovigilance among Doctors.

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have been making headlines because of life threatening issues. ADRs are always underreported and still the major public health problem. Spontaneous reporting system has remained the most significant method for safeguarding patients’ lives. Objectives: Is to examine and analyse the various pharmacovigilance (PV) studies conducted among doctors and to make recommendations for future research. Study Selection: 32 studies covered from 2004 to 2014 were selected. Data Sources: Four electronic data-bases including Science-Direct, Springer-Link, PubMed and MEDLINE were used to obtain 129 relevant publications using HotBot, FreeFullPDF, and Google Scholar as search engines. Data Extraction: Studies conducted on doctors were selected covering research from ten countries. Inclusion Criteria: Only studies done from 2004 to 2014 were included, KAP studies done on ADRs and pharmacovigilance among doctors were selected. Exclusion criteria: All studies done before 2004 and studies done on general public KAP were excluded; similarly, studies conducted on healthcare professionals in general were excluded; also studies done on adverse drug event (ADE) reporting were excluded. The study was conducted from April to August, 2014. Data Synthesis: Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding ADRs reporting by doctors were poor. Longitudinal study involving educational intervention and training through workshops and seminars were found to be effective in improving doctors’ knowledge and attitude. Conclusion: There is urgent need to improve knowledge, awareness and practice of doctors on pharmacovigilance. It is imperative for WHO and national pharmacovigilance centres to take proactive measures to curve the menace of ADRs in order to safeguard the patients’ lives. The curriculum of all health and health related schools should be restructured with respect to pharmacovigilance without any delay and hesitation.

Comparative study of professionalism of future medical doctors between Malaysia and Bangladesh.

Every profession has its particular social responsibilities. Thus, professionalism is the foundation of medicine’s indenture with humanity. The schooling and refinement of professionalism has long been part of medical education. Recently professionalism is recognized as a fundamental qualification in both developed and developing countries. The objective of this study was to scrutinize and compare the professionalism of medical students of Malaysia and Bangladesh. This was Cross-sectional study conducted on 1208 Year-I to Year-V MBBS students of session 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, from Malaysia and Bangladesh. Data was collected using a validated instrument. Only 42% respondents were male and the rest 58% were female. Total mean professionalism scores for male was 177.57 and female was 175.82. Again total score of professionalism of Malaysia and Bangladesh were 175.50 and 177.14 respectively. Significant differences observed between gender (p=0.026) and country (p=0.044) in total scores of elements of professionalism. The present study found there has almost equal level of understanding on principal humanistic concerns of professionalism. Between gender and country there are significant differences. Professionalism should be incorporate in undergraduate and postgraduate medical course curriculum. Henceforth, communities will have rational prescriber for the common marginalized people.

Assessment of Bangladeshi Interns' Knowledge of Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Prescribing.

Every medical graduate must have the intention to prescribe rationally. It is pharmacology which teaches rational of prescribing correct drug in undergraduate medical course. Therefore many eminent medical educationists believe that pharmacology is the most essential part of the medical curriculum. Medical graduates join as interns in their respective teaching hospital immediately after graduation. Although interns work is usually under the supervision of a senior consultant but there are occasions, when they need to make their own decision. Again drug market in Bangladesh, like many other countries, is rapidly expanding. Henceforth, interns’ are sometime confused to choose a drug from therapeutic choices. This study was conducted with the intention to provide some light about the knowledge of pharmacology among the Bangladeshi interns. This was a cross-sectional study conducted on Interns (n=191) of six medical schools of Bangladesh. Validated instrument was used to uptake the data. These medical schools are both government and private but Bangladesh has unique curriculum for all medical schools. Out of these 191 participants 81 (42%) rated pharmacology knowledge is good, while another 77 (40%) had average understanding. As high as 80% (152) intern population feel that undergraduate training has prepared them to prescribe safely. One hundred seventeen (61%) interns have already observed cases of adverse drug reactions in their short active clinical life. Although it is a cross sectional study with its limitations, has identified that pharmacology and therapeutics course curriculum is not enough to produce safe prescribers.

Preference of teaching and learning methods in a new medical school of Malaysia.

Teaching and learning are the two sides of a coin. Henceforth, there is a strong correlation between the methods used in delivering the information by the lecturers and the assimilation of that knowledge by the students. MBBS programme of FPSK, UniSZA, is divided into two phases, preclinical (Year I and II) and clinical (Year III, IV and V) phases. The main teaching and learning methods for preclinical phase include lecture, tutorial, practical, problem based learning (PBL) and early clinical exposure (ECE). This cross-sectional study was conducted in July 2013 in UniSZA, Malaysia. 50 respondents from preclinical phase were randomly selected from total 117 students to answers the questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed with extensive literature review and pretested and validated. The questionnaire has been divided into 5 sections. The data were analysed using the SPSS 17.0. This study showed that 36 (72%) out of 50 respondents chose lecture as the most preferred teaching and learning method. Five (10%) out of 50 respondents preferred tutorial and 3 (6%) out of 50 respondents preferred PBL, practical and ECE respectively. None of the respondents chose Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) as a preferred method. Probably learning guideline of CAL is not clear that make the session the most unpreferred. Majority of the students in preclinical phase preferred lecturer/teacher-centred learning session to acquire knowledge in a medical school.